A study is a starting point.
Our framework makes evidence type, applicability and uncertainty visible.
Human randomized trials
Random allocation can help distinguish a treatment effect from other explanations. Still inspect who participated, what was measured, follow-up, dropouts, harms and funding. One trial does not answer every question about a molecule.
Human observational studies
These can describe associations and generate hypotheses. Confounding and reverse causation can complicate interpretation. “Associated with” should not quietly become “causes.”
Animal and laboratory research
Useful for studying mechanisms and identifying research directions. It cannot, by itself, establish a safe human treatment protocol or a clinical benefit.
Brand reports and testimonials
A company pilot is identified as such. Testimonials cannot establish cause and effect. Shared ownership, commercial interests and the presence of a control group should be disclosed.
Our article checklist
- Direct answer that stays within the available evidence.
- Exact molecule, population, intervention and outcome.
- Primary source links placed beside the claims they support.
- Absolute effects alongside relative effects when available.
- Relevant limitations and safety gaps.
- Authorship and medical-review status stated honestly.